What’s in a Name? Improving Research Accessibility While Honoring Victims of Racial Violence

When I first began my role as an archives assistant for the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive (BNDA), I was struck by the scale of the work before me. Around 2,000 victims of racial violence were represented in the data. My job was to catalog and contextualize the archival materials detailing their stories to ensure documents were easily discoverable within the archive. From the outset, I realized that names—how they are recorded, preserved, and made searchable—would be integral to this work.

As the archives assistant, cataloging meant creating detailed item-level records using the Civil Rights and Restorative Justice (CRRJ) Project’s data management system, Airtable, a platform built on data meticulously gathered by CRRJ staff. To verify and recover victims’ names, researchers cross-referenced varying documents—death certificates, draft cards, court records, newspaper articles, correspondence, and advocacy group materials—and developed a clear methodology, described in this narrative on the BNDA website, to address conflicting information across sources.

Newspaper clipping with the headline "Murder Unpunished." The first line reads "Three weeks ago, Mr. and Mrs. Roger Malcolm, Mr. and Mrs. George Dorsey were forcibly removed from a car early in the evening of August 1, 1946 and shot down in cold blood by an unmasked mob just outside of Monroe, Georgia."
News article from the New York Amsterdam News highlighting the writing convention of naming women only in relation to their husbands. The file can be access in the Digital Repository Service.

To reflect the complexity that accompanied names, each case record includes an authoritative name (the verified full name established by researchers), along with fields for given name, family name, and alternate names. On the public-facing archive, this structure allows users to locate victims not only by their correct name, but also by common misspellings, nicknames, or other recorded versions. In this way, the system both acknowledges historical inconsistencies and restores the victim’s true identity.

Creating cataloging records that fed into this framework, I strove to ensure that materials remained discoverable while centering the dignity of each individual. However, much of the material I worked with—primarily newspaper articles—posed significant challenges. Victims were often not named at all, but instead referred to by racial epithets, such as “The Negro.” Even when names were used, they were frequently misspelled or misreported. Women were commonly identified only in relation to their husbands, while derogatory nicknames could replace real names entirely.

A single victim may appear in the historical record under multiple conflicting names. For example, Levi George, a victim most frequently called “Texas Red” in newspapers, was also referred to as Levi Joy or Red Williams. Including all three of these alternate names as metadata allows researchers to locate Levi’s case using names they are more likely to come across, while also reclaiming his full identity, by emphasizing his true name—Levi George—in the record.

Screenshot of Levi George's page from the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive. The first two items in the profile read "Name: Levi George" and "Name - alternate: Levi Joy, Red Williams, Texas Red"
Levi George’s record lists all four names by which he is referred. Profile available in the BNDA.

These situations required both flexibility and creativity. When a news article about a violent incident omitted a victim’s name entirely but mentioned the date and location, I could often identify the individual by filtering Airtable using those data points. From there, I would catalog the resource appropriately, connecting it to the victim’s record so that future researchers could access it even if the name never explicitly appeared in the text itself.

Newspaper clipping headlined "He's 'Texas Red.'" It features mug shots from the front and side of a Black man holding a prison number. The caption identifies him as both Levi George and "Texas Red."
Levi George, a victim of racial violence, is identified by two names in this photo caption. Further dehumanizing the victim is the use of an old mugshot to announce his murder. Record available in the DRS.

Names also shaped the way resources were titled and summarized. For newspaper articles, the notes field often followed a formula: [Resource type] + [brief description of incident] + [victim name]. This is how, for instance, the abstract “News article from the Atlanta Daily World about the shooting of Levi George” was generated. Titles for advocacy records, lacking the same copyright restrictions as newspaper articles, followed a somewhat similar format: [Resource type] + [organization name] : [victim name]. This is how another resource became titled, “Legal files from the NAACP : Levi George.” Choosing to prioritize the victim’s name, rather than the perpetrator’s, when titling and describing resources was a conscious decision—a subtle yet meaningful reversal of the dehumanizing tendencies found in many historical documents.

Over time, I came to see cataloging records and naming as both technical functions and ethical responsibilities. Each name recovered or connected to a resource served a dual purpose: improving research and digital access, while also restoring the humanity to someone who had once been denied it. I am grateful to have contributed to this work and proud to be part of a project that sees names not simply as data points, but as acts of remembrance and justice.

You can read more about the Version 2 Update of the BNDA in Gathering the Red Record: A Two-Day Convening on Linking Racial Violence Archives.

Annie Ross (she/her/hers) served as an archives assistant for the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive. She completed her Master of Library and Information Science degree with a concentration in Archives Management from Simmons University in 2022 and has worked on a range of archival and metadata projects in academic and cultural heritage settings.

Adding Archival Materials to the Digital Repository

During the 2024-25 academic year, the Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections (NUASC) scanned 24,608 pages of archival materials for both in-person and remote researchers. This output has allowed NUASC to serve more researchers and broaden access to these primary sources by uploading them into the Digital Repository Service (DRS).

Black and white image of a woman wearing a dress and with her hair in a bun watching three dancers in a dance room. The dancers are visible behind her in a mirror
A photo from the National Center of Afro-American Artists records

Work to put these reference scans into the DRS began in 2023 with a backlog of scans from NUASC’s remote reference program. Archives staff understood the research value of readily available scans and wanted to make them more accessible to anyone, regardless of institutional affiliation or research goals. Uploading these files into the DRS was a collaborative effort between Metadata and Digital Projects Supervisor Drew Facklam, Reference and Outreach Archivist Molly Brown, and Reference and Reproductions Archivist Grace Millet.

Once a workflow was developed to clean up and provide information about the files, collections were identified based on community and researcher needs, as well as the quantity of scans. As of June 2025, 14,226 pages of digitized materials have been ingested into the DRS. Reference scans have come from the:

Reference scans are completed at a lower resolution than scans used for publication, though they are still entirely legible and usable for research purposes. Another important difference between reference scans and other digitized materials in the DRS is the format of reference scans’ titles, which allow users a glimpse into the inner workings of archival organization.

The titles of these files contain the collection number, box number, folder number, and folder title.

File name of "M042_B019_F001_ElmaLewis2" Red arrows point to each section. "M042" is labeled "Collection #"; "B019" is labeled "Box #"; "F001" is labeled "Folder #"; and "ElmaLewis1" is labeled "Folder Title"

With this knowledge, anyone viewing these files can discern where they are located within NUASC’s collections. This allows for easy reference if a researcher might need to request a higher-quality scan of a specific item.

To learn more about what is available in the Digital Repository Service from NUASC, you can search our digitized collections or reach out to us at archives@northeastern.edu. The public services team is looking forward to continuing this expansion of access to collections stewarded by NUASC!

Reading Challenge Update: August Winner and September Preview

Happy fall semester, and congratulations to everyone who participated in the August Reading Challenge! Our August winner is Yeeun Han, who won a Northeastern water bottle. To be eligible for the prize drawing, make sure to read a book that fits that month’s theme and then tell us about it.

In August, we challenged you to read a book translated from another language. Here are a few of the books you read. (Comments may have been edited for length or clarity.)

What You Read in August

Cover of Heart Lamp

Heart Lamp, Banu Mushtaq (translated by Deepa Bhasthi)
Read the e-book

Heart Lamp is a soulful collection of short stories shining light on the lives, struggles, and quiet resilience of Muslim women in southern India. Translated beautifully by Deepa Bhasthi, it blends humor, emotion, and cultural depth, making everyday moments feel both intimate and powerful.” — Abighna

Cover of Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead

Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead, Olga Tokarczuk (translated by Antonia Lloyd-Jones)
Find it at Snell Library | Find it at F.W. Olin Library | Read the e-book

“This book, first published in Polish, is the book I selected for my book club to read this month. I was drawn to the book because of the description of the eccentric recluse who is our narrator. It is set during the dark winter days in a remote location in Poland near the border of the Czech Republic. The characters are interesting, and it hooked me right away. It is unlike any book I’ve ever read. I’m not sure what my book club will say, but I enjoyed reading it.” — Meegan

Cover of Strange Beasts of China

Strange Beasts of China, Yan Ge (translated by Jeremy Tiang)
Find it at Snell Library | Find it at F.W. Olin Library

“Honestly, I picked this book because the cover looked cool, but it turned out to be way better than I expected. I thought it would just be a fun story about mythical creatures, but it’s actually about people, emotions, and the blurry line between what’s real and what’s not. Each chapter pulled me in more. The writing felt simple, but also really deep, and even though it left me with a lot of questions, that’s what made it so memorable.” — Harshith

Cover of The Hour of the Star

The Hour of the Star, Clarice Lispector (translated by Giovanni Pontiero and Benjamin Moser)
Find it at Snell Library | Find it at F.W. Olin Library

Hour of the Star is a brief yet powerful exploration of poverty, invisibility, and the act of storytelling itself, framed through the self-conscious narrator Rodrigo S.M. The story of Macabéa, an unremarkable typist in Rio, becomes a moving reflection on the value of overlooked lives and the uncomfortable dynamics between narrator, subject, and reader.” — Sandy

Suggested Reads for September

Your September challenge is to read a book about somewhere you’d like to travel. Check out our recommended e-book and audiobook titles in Libby, or stop by the Snell Library lobby from 1 – 3 p.m. on Wednesday, September 17, and Thursday, September 18, to browse print books and pick up Reading Challenge swag!

Cover of The House of Last Resort

The House of Last Resort, Christopher Golden
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In rural Italy, the beautiful, crumbling hilltop town of Becchina is half empty, nearly abandoned by those who migrate to the coast or to cities. To rebuild, its mayor sells abandoned homes to anyone in the world for a single Euro, as long as the buyer promises to live there for at least five years. For American couple Tommy and Kate Puglisi, it feels like a romantic adventure. But from the moment they move in, they both feel a shadow has fallen. The place makes strange noises at night, locked doors are suddenly open, and Kate and Tommy are certain people are whispering about their house, which one neighbor refers to as The House of Last Resort. Meanwhile, down in the catacombs beneath Becchina…something stirs.

Cover of The Paris Novel

The Paris Novel, Ruth Reichl
Listen to the audiobook

When her estranged mother dies, Stella is left with an unusual inheritance: a one-way plane ticket and a note reading “Go to Paris.” Alone in a foreign city, Stella stumbles across a vintage store, where she tries on a fabulous Dior dress. The shopkeeper insists that the dress was meant for Stella and for the first time in her life, Stella does something impulsive. She buys the dress—and embarks on an adventure. A feast for the senses, this novel is a testament to living deliciously, taking chances, and finding your true home.

Cover of The Sun Sets in Singapore

The Sun Sets in Singapore, Kehinde Fadipe
Listen to the audiobook

For Dara, a workaholic lawyer from the U.K., Singapore is an opportunity. For Amaka, a sharp-tongued banker from Nigeria, Singapore is extravagance. And for Lillian, a former pianist turned “trailing spouse” from the U.S., Singapore is reinvention. But complications are looming for the women’s glamorous expat lifestyle, in the form of an enigmatic stranger whose presence exposes cracks in Singapore’s beguiling façade. In The Sun Sets in Singapore, Kehinde Fadipe captures the richness of this metropolis through the eyes of three tenacious women, who are about to learn that unfinished history can follow you anywhere, no matter how far you run from home.

Cover of Migrations

Migrations, Charlotte McConaghy
Read the e-book

Leaving behind everything but her research gear, Franny Stone arrives in Greenland with a singular purpose: to follow the last Arctic terns in the world on what might be their final migration to Antarctica. Franny talks her way onto a fishing boat, and she and the crew set sail, traveling ever further from shore and safety. But as Franny’s history begins to unspool, it becomes clear that she is chasing more than just the birds. When Franny’s dark secrets catch up with her, how much is she willing to risk for one more chance at redemption?

Cover of A City on Mars

A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?, Kelly and Zach Weinersmith
Find it at Snell Library | Read the e-book

EARTH IS NOT WELL. The promise of starting life anew somewhere far, far away beckons, and settling the stars finally seems within our grasp. Or is it? Kelly and Zach Weinersmith set out to write the essential guide to a glorious future of space settlements, but after years of research, they aren’t so sure it’s a good idea. A City on Mars answers every question about space you’ve ever wondered, and many you’ve never considered: Can you make babies in space? Should corporations govern space settlements? What about space war? Are we headed for a housing crisis on the Moon’s Peaks of Eternal Light—and what happens if you’re left in the Craters of Eternal Darkness? Why do astronauts love taco sauce? Speaking of meals, what’s the legal status of cannibalism? Get in, we’re going to Mars.

Cover of Death in the Air

Death in the Air, Ram Murali
Listen to the audiobook

Ro Krishna is the American son of Indian parents, educated at the finest institutions, wealthy and erudite, but unmoored after he is dramatically forced to leave a high-profile job. He decides it’s time to check in for some much-needed R&R at Samsara, a world-class spa for the global elite nestled in the foothills of the Indian Himalayas. A person could be spiritually reborn in a place like this. But a person—or several—could also die there. As it turns out, the colorful cast of characters at Samsara harbors a murderer among them. Maybe more than one. As the death toll rises, Ro, a lawyer by training and a sleuth by circumstance, becomes embroiled in a vicious world under a gilded surface, where nothing is quite what it seems…including Ro himself.

Whatever you read, make sure you tell us about it to enter the September prize drawing. Good luck, and happy reading!

Research Support Newsletter – Fall 2025

This blog was originally sent as a newsletter for Research Support Staff at Northeastern University on September 3, 2025. If you would like to subscribe to receive future newsletters, please click here.

Did you know the library can help with…your grant proposal?

Join us for our Accelerate Your Proposal Development event! This program is a countdown of proposal-related questions the library can help with, including personalized support for crafting data management and sharing plans, improving your data visualizations and graphics, strategies for efficient literature reviews, and citation management. We’ll share information about the tools and people who can help you develop key proposal components and supplementary materials. Whether you’re in the early stages of developing your proposal or fine-tuning it before submission, we’re happy to work with you.

This virtual event takes place Wednesday, October 29, from noon – 1 p.m. Eastern time. Register here.

Did you know we have access to…tools and services to complete evidence syntheses?

This month, we are highlighting two ways the library can support your evidence synthesis project. Evidence synthesis projects, which often do not require funding, can reveal important research gaps, thus strengthening future grant applications. If you are working on (or considering working on) a systematic review, scoping review, rapid review, or meta-analysis, read on!

Evidence Synthesis Service: Northeastern University Library provides a tiered set of support services for evidence synthesis projects such as systematic reviews, ranging from expert librarian guidance to full research partnerships. See our website and service tiers for more information.

Covidence: Covidence is a web-based evidence synthesis support tool that assists in screening references, data extraction, and keeping track of your work. Covidence requires registration with a Northeastern email address. If you already have an account, please sign in.

Start Smart — Foundations of Evidence Syntheses: Starting September 15, the library will be running a virtual workshop series for faculty and research staff on planning for and embarking on an evidence synthesis project.

Have any questions about completing evidence syntheses? Reach out to our expert, Philip Espinola Coombs.

We want to hear from you!

Research Data Storage Finder: We’re developing an interactive online tool to help researchers quickly narrow down the best platform for their data storage and archiving needs, and we’d love to hear what you think of what we’ve built so far. If you’d like to get a sneak peek and share your feedback, please let us know via this form.

That’s it!

Questions about the library? Email Alissa Link Cilfone, Head of STEM, or Jen Ferguson, Head of Research Data Services — we’d love to hear from you!

Gathering the Red Record: A Two-Day Convening on Linking Racial Violence Archives

Last month, an interdisciplinary group of over 100 archivists, legal professionals, and historians gathered at Northeastern University’s Snell Library for Gathering the Red Record: Linking Racial Violence Archives. Presented by the Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project (CRRJ) and the Northeastern University Library, the two-day convening served to highlight the Version 2.0 update of the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive (BNDA), the launch of a new research project, and the development of its first white paper.

A smiling woman stands behind a podium holding a piece of paper
Gina Nortonsmith, the African American history archivist at Northeastern University. Photo courtesy of Michael Manning.

The Racial Violence Interoperability White Paper Project will serve as a roadmap exploring the possibility of a national project linking various collections of racial violence into a united, interoperable dataset.

Simultaneously a celebration, a launch, and a call to action, Gathering the Red Record highlighted the newest achievements of the BNDA and asked participants for their input and feedback to design future shared goals.

On the first day of the conference, panelists and attendees were introduced to the extensive expansion of the BNDA and the restorative justice milestones the CRRJ have achieved. Since its initial launch in 2022, the BNDA has established itself as one of the most comprehensive digital records of racially motivated homicides collected to date. The archive serves as an open-source repository and database dedicated to identifying, classifying, and providing documentation on anti-Black killings the mid-20th century South. Version 2.0 introduces 290 new victims to the database, along with their corresponding case files, which resulted in over 5,000 new records becoming publicly available. In addition to a massive expansion in records available, Version 2.0 expands the geographic scope of the archive, adding Maryland, Delaware, Washington D.C., Missouri, West Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, and Oklahoma to the original 11 formerly Confederate states.

Two women sit in front of a large screen. One is holding a microphone and speaking
Co-founder of the Burnham-Nobles Digital Archive Melissa Nobles and Monica Martinez, project lead for Mapping Violence, speak on The Road to Interoperability White Paper Project. Photo courtesy of Michael Manning.

Day two of the event was dedicated to introducing attendees to The Racial Violence Interoperability White Paper Project and asking for feedback, putting researchers, librarians, and archivists who document historical violence into conversation. Participants were given an early draft, which included instructions on how a national digital project might emerge. Developed in collaboration with eight similar ‘sister’ projects, the paper outlines strategies for aligning data dictionaries, establishing governance, securing funding, and ensuring ethical hosting. Participants then divided into working groups to address project planning and data collection, technology alignment, funding and resources, and federal initiatives on cold case records. The day concluded with conference attendees engaging in guided discussions that explored the feasibility of a national project as described in the White Paper.

As the conference finished, participants were left with possibilities for new collaborations, ideas for funding resources, project design suggestions, and digital publishing possibilities. The fruitful discussions also continue to contribute to the White Paper Project, which is scheduled to be finalized in September.